BUS 3382 Troy University Persuation to Download & or Purchase Yelp Memorandum 1 point – follow the Memo example (Exhibit 2-18 on page 49). YOU DO NOT NEED TO INCLUDE THE CORPORATE NAME (Lenaghan Financial – as noted in the book) I am looking for Memo – To: From: Date: Re:
1 point – Min. 250 word count and following the Requirements below
1 point – (Ch. 10) Did you grab my attention at the start (please watch the video on Canvas or read the section in Ch. 10 on how to do this)
1 point – (Ch 10) Did you provide enough support in the body (please watch the video on Canvas or read the section in Ch. 10 on how to do this)
1 point – (Ch 10) Did you include a call to action (please watch the video on Canvas or read the section in Ch. 10 on how to do this) THIS IS SO SIMPLE – I just need to download it on my smartphone/tablet. Example: “Take advantage of XYZ by simply downloading it onto your IOS or Droid to (whatever it does).
REQUIREMENTS:
Memo format noted above.
1 inch margins (top, bottom, and sides)
WORD format (please not pdf or apple pages)
DO NOT Copy and paste APP Description. Use your own words why you like it to sell me! •
View Websites: Browse the following websites (you do not have to read all the information or follow
every link; just skim around to see what is interesting or unique)
o
Take a closer look at Erich Fromm’s life and theory (Links to an external site.)(Links to an external
site.) at Dr. Boeree’s website.
o
See a review of Fromm’s work and theories (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.).
o
Examine the life and theory of Erik Erikson (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.) at
Dr. Boeree’s website.
o
Investigate the developmental stages (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.) that
Erikson proposed help form our personality across the lifespan (Links to an external site.) (Links to
an external site.).
•
Read Lecture-Psychodynamic Theory: Fromm and Erikson
Unit 4: Lecture
Psychodynamic Theory: Fromm and Erikson
Much like Jung and Horney, theorists in the neo-Freudian movement continued to support the basic
psychodynamic principles of unconscious motivation and intrapsychic conflict. But each emerging
theory incorporated an increasing emphasis on the social and environmental factors that influence
personality as well as the active role humans take in shaping their own beliefs, emotions and
behaviors. As personality theories advanced, each one provided a unique look at human nature and
added another piece to the complex personality puzzle.
This unit, we are going to examine Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis and Erikson’s post-Freudian
theory.
Erich Fromm
More than any other theory we have studied thus far, Fromm’s (Links to an external site.)theory attempts
to take a multi-disciplinary examination of personality. His theory incorporates psychology with aspects of
history, cultural anthropology, religion, philosophy, evolution and sociology. As such, his humanistic
psychoanalysis views personality formation as the result of our cultural adaptations to a changing
environment. Humans are unique from other animals in that they are driven by reasoning rather than
instincts. This reasoning, along with self-awareness, allows people to recognize that they are isolated from
the natural environment; a concept Fromm labeled as the human dilemma.
Personality (Links to an external site.) emerges as a result of our need to escape isolation and become
reunited with the natural world. Human needs, also called existential needs, drive personality
development by trying to find answers to the question of human existence. Fromm identified five core
existential needs: relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, a sense of identity,and a frame of orientation.
The following table provides an overview of existential needs:
Existential
Needs
relatedness
Positive
Description
Negative Components
The drive to join or unite with others.
submission or power,
love
domination
The drive for personal purpose, growth, and
freedom.
The drive to find roots or connections with the
rootedness
natural world.
The drive for self-awareness and a sense of
sense of identity
independence.
The drive to have an organizational framework to
frame of
make sense of the world and guide future
orientation
directions.
transcendence
Components
destructiveness
creativeness
fixation
wholeness
adjustment to a group individuality
irrational goals
rational goals
The fact that we are human and possess the ability reason, means that we experience great freedom to
express individuality and move freely throughout the world. This freedom is both a blessing and a curse.
We enjoy the openness to be free, independent individuals; but this freedom also leaves us feeling
disconnected and isolated in the world. As such, humans suffer an ongoing sense of being alone; Fromm
called this feeling of aloneness basic anxiety. To reduce the basic anxiety, we employ mechanisms of
escape. View the following presentation that describes each of the four mechanisms of escape:
authoritarianism, destructiveness, and conformity.
•
PowerPoint on Mechanisms of Escape
The notes explain the slides)
(Remember to check out all the notes under each slide.
According to Fromm, personality is a function of an individual’s character orientation. Like personality,
character orientations are consistent patterns of relating to people; these orientations serve as a substitute
for humans’ lack of instincts. Orientations can be either productive or nonproductive. The productive
orientation moves an individual toward freedom through the ability to love, work and reason. Conversely,
the nonproductive orientations do not move toward freedom. There are four nonproductive orientations:
receptive, exploitative, hoarding and marketing.
Questions for further thought:
•
Discuss Fromm’s basic assumptions about personality and include his three existential
dichotomies.
•
•
Discuss Fromm’s five human, or existential, needs.
List and discuss Fromm’s nonproductive and productive character oreintations.
Erik Erikson
Erikson (Links to an external site.) proposed his post-Freudian, psychosocial theory as a compliment and
extention of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development. While Erikson did not disagree with Freud’s
ideas concerning the conflicts surrounding each stage of development, his psychosocial theory emphasized
the social aspects over the sexual dilemmas.
Key to understanding psychosocial theory is the idea of an identity crisis. Erikson believed we go
through a series of challenges or turning points in our lives, called identity crises; the resolution of
each identity crisis provides our basis for personal growth and development. Like many theorists,
Erikson’s theory is somewhat autobiographical. Erikson himself suffered various identity crises
throughout his life; read the article, “Who Was Erik Erikson?,” for a closer look at Erikson’s personal
struggles to find his identity.
Erikson expanded on Freud’s concept of the ego to give it a much greater role in the dynamics of
personality. Erikson believed the ego was the center of personality and provided the unifying force that
creates a solid self-identity. As such, the ego is responsible for adapting to the various identity crises that a
person will experience throughout the lifespan. At the resolution of each conflict, the ego becomes
stronger and develops a particular basic strength, otherwise known as ego strength. Erikson proposed an
eight-stage, lifespan theory (Links to an external site.)of psychosocial development (Links to an external
site.) that centers around the major conflicts experienced at each age.
Psychosocial
Conflict
trust versus
mistrust
autonomy versus
shame and doubt
initiative versus
guilt
Description
From birth to age 1; conflict centers around establishing a predictable, stable
relationship with the parents. Successful resolution of this stage will lead to the
development of hope.
From ages 1 to 3; conflict centers around the struggle between trying to gain
independence but lacking the skill and knowledge to do so. The ego strength that
develops as a result of this conflict is will.
From ages 3 to 6; the play age is characterized by growing independence within a
larger social world. Children must take responsibility over emotions and
behaviors; the resolution of this struggle leads to a sense of purpose.
industry versus
inferiority
identity versus role
confusion
intimacy versus
isolation
generativity versus
stagnation
integrity versus
despair
From ages 6 to 12; the conflict centers around developing skills and knowledge.
The school setting provides a means of comparing ability and allows children to
develop a sense of competence.
From ages 13 to 19; adolescence is a period of fitting in to the social environment.
Adolescents attempt to answer the question “who am I?”. Successful resolution
leads to fidelity.
From ages 20 to 40; focus on developing close, emotional, intimage relationships
with others. The formation of a close relationship results in the basic strength of
love.
From ages 40 to 65; adults go through a stage of social awareness in which they
struggle with their contributions to society (such as children). Successful
resolution leads to care.
From age 65 to death; the psychosocial conflict centers around reflecting back
over the lifespan to determine success or failure. Satisfaction over one’s life will
lead to wisdom.
Erikson believed that people go through the stages of psychosocial development in a fixed, sequential
manner; his theory rests on an epigenetic principle. In other words, all people go through the same
conflicts, in the same order and must successfully resolve one conflict before they are able to effectively
deal with the next. As each conflict is resolved, a new basic strength is developed. It is through the
development of ego strengths and the struggles associated with each conflict that personality emerges.
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