Rabdan Academy Effects of Cigarette Smoking Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review all requirements are attached in a folderAnnotated Bibliography that need changes attached Samples for literature review attached Thank you Annotated bibliography of at least 15 academic references.
Each reference should have a minimum of 250 – 300-word submission.
Remember to include your research question
Each submission should include the following information
1. Name of author(s) and institutional affiliation and if available, who funded the research
2. Summary of the work
3. Identify the strength and weakness of the material
4. How does it relate to your research
5. It should be in your own words.
7. Your bibliography should be alphabetized, based on the last name of the first author
1. First step
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Annotated bibliography
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I need help regarding the research question and the sources used in the annotated
bibliography so it needs adjustment
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This is the comment from the professor regarding the annotated bibliography so this
is the adjustment needed :
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You have three research questions; why are you looking only at one?
Explain theoretical concepts – what is “three life course philosophies”;
Also technical terms
When using data, should use in-text citation with page numbers
Missing- Instutional affiliation and in some usefulness for research’
weaknesses.
Only 2 of your sources deal with your research question of the socioeconomic effects of smoking. Most of your annotations deal with
quitting smoking or the health effects of smoking. Please correct your
research question.
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So the sources that are not related needs to be changed
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After correcting the annotated bibliography the next step is literature review
2. Second step
Literature review
Start with an introduction, which lays out your research; rationale for carrying out this
research and your research questions.
Followed by the literature review as I explained in class. Make sure to have all your 15
sources included. If you want to include other sources, you are welcome to do so. Make sure
it is academic.
Have different sources interact with each other and you must critically engage with your
sources, meaning that you should discuss what are the gaps and shortcomings of the
literature and in what way does your research answer/respond to these gaps.
This should be followed by a section on research methodology. It should start with
explaining the reasons for your choice of the research methodology; how does using the
research methodology help you to answer your research questions; and how you will carry
out your research (survey; interview etc.)
If you use quotes or data, have page numbers with the in-text citation.
At the end, you should have a bibliography that includes all of your sources.
You can use the information that you wrote in the annotated bibliography.
It should be at least 5 pages, double spaced.
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated Bibliography
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Cigarette Smoking: Annotated Bibliography
Research questions
1. What are the socioeconomic effects of cigarette smoking in the global context?
2. Is there any relationship between addiction to other forms of drugs and the use of
cigarette?
3. What is the effect of conventional cigarette smoking in relation to other innovative forms
of cigarettes?
The annotated bibliography will adopt the specific research question “What are the
socioeconomic effects of cigarette smoking in the global context?” for analysis.
Article 1: Thomeer, M. B., Hernandez, E., Umberson, D., & Thomas, P. A. (2019).
Influence of social connections on smoking behavior across the life course. Advances in Life
Course Research, 42, 100294.
The article gives an analytical overview of the extents to which social connections play a
role in the process of initiating smoking ideation from childhood to late adulthood. The scholars
argue that while literature presents a wealth of information concerning the prevailing
demographic patterns of smoking, little information has been availed to give an explanation on
issues such as how, when, and why they develop, avoid and alter their traits and patterns of
smoking. Similarly, the researchers reveal that minimal information has been presented to
demystify the extents to which such explanations can be connected to the available social links.
To meet the study objectives of investigating the extents to which social connections play a role
in restructuring an individual’s tendencies to develop and sustain smoking habits, the scholars
initiate an analysis of the pieces of data collected from a sample of 60 adults aged between 25
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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and 89 from one of the larger southwest cities in the United States. The study results revealed a
strong relationship between an individual’s social connections and the tendencies of shaping the
personal decision to engage in smoking or not to smoke. The study’s ability to incorporate ideas
from people that are drawn from diverse age groups reveals its strength. Such a premise played a
significant role in ensuring that the results obtained by the study reveal higher degrees of
validity. On the other hand, the method of analyzing the interviews in this study presented great
limitations. The fact that the analysis was only confined to three life course philosophies
revealed that other principles of life have no influence on smoking. The study relates with the
chosen topic as it avails the foundational knowledge on why, how and when people develop
smoking ideations.
Article 2: Caraballo, R. S., Rice, K. L., Neff, L. J., & Garrett, B. E. (2019). Peer Reviewed:
Social and Physical Environmental Characteristics Associated With Adult Current
Cigarette Smoking. Preventing chronic disease, 16.
The study proceeds with the aim of identifying both the physical and social
environmental factors that are depicted by adult smokers in the United States of America’s
metropolitan county. The researchers reveal that even though public health agencies have made
significant leaps in the endeavors of minimizing cigarette smoking in the general populace, the
menace is still considered as one of the leading causative agents for preventable ailments and
mortality in the United States. The scholars argue that the situation still prevails despite the fact
that the government has made great leaps in the endeavors of initiating ample policies and
regulatory frameworks aimed at minimizing the uptake of tobacco. To meet its objectives, the
study the pieces of data obtained in the 2012 Behavioral Risk Surveillance System as derived
from at least seven social and physical background types that included the state of the counties
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under consideration (metropolitan position), the ratio between the number of physicians and the
population, issues of income inequality, percentage of racial populaces and rates of occurrence of
violent criminal activities. The results of the study showed that the presence of minority
populaces, people with lower levels of educational attainment and increased rates of criminal
activity were most likely to present with higher rates of cigarette smoking compared to their
educated and affluent counterparts. The greatest strength of the study emanates from its ability to
adopt a large sample size (n = 182,172). This played a significant role in ensuring that the results
obtained by the study gave a clear reflection of the physical and social characteristics attributed
to cigarette smoking among the adults in the selected metropolitan areas. However, the study’s
choice to adopt metropolitan areas as its geographical regions of study reveals its limitations.
The fact that metropolitan counties only account for < 35% of the United States reveals that the
study results cannot be generalized for the entire country. However, this article will be adopted
to avail statistical and spatial analyses on the rates of prevalence of cigarette smoking in the
United States, and violence crimes associated with this menace.
Article 3: Goodchild, M., Nargis, N., & d'Espaignet, E. T. (2018). Global economic cost of
smoking-attributable diseases. Tobacco control, 27(1), 58-64.
This article proceeds with the aim of investigating the economic costs associated with the
dangers of cigarette smoking and smoking-related ailments. The study bases its objectives on the
fact that smoking has presented great negative effects on the health position of the global
populaces from the 1960s. The researchers argue that while multiple studies have been advanced
to quantify the economic costs that the act of smoking imposes on human societies, they have
only limited their findings to certain specific locales such as the industrialized economies. As
such, limited information has been availed on the economic costs associated with smoking in the
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low income economies. To meet their objectives, the researchers adopt the cost of illness
approach as a strategy of quantifying the economic costs that are associated with smokingattributable aliments in the United States since 2012. The scholars adopt this framework based
on its inherent ability to reclassify the associated costs as either “direct” or “indirect”. The
researchers use this approach to estimate the economic cost of smoking in 152 economies
distributed across the globe. One of the greatest strengths depicted by the study emanates from
its ability to include a large sample size (n =152) for study. Such an effort will play a significant
role in the process of fostering generalizations. However, the study is limited by its approach of
quantifying economic costs associated with smoking by only including the economically active
populaces. This article will lay a foundation for the proposed study by availing the quantified
measurements of the extents to which smoking affects most of the developing economies
distributed across the globe including the middle income and low income earning countries.
Article 4: Jamal, A., Phillips, E., Gentzke, A. S., Homa, D. M., Babb, S. D., King, B. A., &
Neff, L. J. (2018). Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2016. Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(2), 53.
The study proceeds with the objective of undertaking both qualitative and quantitative
analyses of the prevailing rates of cigarette smoking in the United States particularly in 2016.
The researchers adopt key information databases used by the United States’ government to
quantify the burdens associated with intake of tobacco. For instance, the scholars reveal that
reports obtained from the U.S Surgeon General in 2016 considered cigarette smoking as the
leading cause of deaths and diseases related with the use of tobacco in comparison to other
combusted tobacco products. As a strategy of assessing the extents to which the United States
was tuned towards attaining the country’s Healthy People 2020 vision that targets to reduce the
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number of people aged above 18 years who smoke to less than 12%, the study adopted the CDC
analyzed data as obtained from the National Health Interview Survey. The results of the study
revealed that the prevalence rates of smoking among Americans was higher in the populaces of
males aged between 25 and 65 years, with the minority populaces presenting with greater
adversities. One of the greatest strength of the study emanates from its ability to adopt statistical
data from multiple sources as it fostered increased reliability. However, the study is limited by
the fact that it only included populaces aged between 18 and 65. This article will make great
contributions to the proposed study as it will avail a suitable framework for proposing the most
effective population-based interventions for smoking such as tobacco price increments, and high
impact media campaigns against the adoption of tobacco.
Article 5: Hubbard, G., Gorely, T., Ozakinci, G., Polson, R., & Forbat, L. (2016). A
systematic review and narrative summary of family-based smoking cessation interventions
to help adults quit smoking. BMC family practice, 17(1), 73.
The article presents an in-depth systematic review of the family-based smoking cessation
interventions adopted to guide adults in the pursuits of quitting smoking. The researchers base
their scholarly work on the premise that smoking is one of the primary causes of early mortality
and morbidity which can be easily prevented. However, the scholars consider one’s family as
one of the most essential backgrounds of fostering the desired rectifications among the affect
populaces. Similarly, the study considers certain essential aspects of a smoker’s life in the family
contexts such as parental and sibling smoking as essential agents that stir the desire to engage in
similar acts. The strengths of the study emanates from the researchers’ abilities to undertake a
comprehensive search of multiple databases. This played a role in ensuring that the studies
included depicted the desired levels of repute and availed both scholarly and professional
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opinions on the issue under investigation. However, the limitations of the study emanate from the
fact that the systematic review adopted to initiate the article searches in the desired databases
only put into consideration English articles. Such a premise limited the search process from
effective inclusion of the non-English and unpublished pieces of literature. The findings of this
study will be of great benefit in the proposed research as they will inform the researcher on
pertinent issues such as the extents to which one’s social environment makes a contribution in
the processes of developing the desire to smoke.
Article 6: Chaiton, M., Diemert, L., Cohen, J. E., Bondy, S. J., Selby, P., Philipneri, A., &
Schwartz, R. (2016). Estimating the number of quit attempts it takes to quit smoking
successfully in a longitudinal cohort of smokers. BMJ open, 6(6), e011045.
The article seeks to undertake an estimation of the frequency of quit attempts that tobacco
users tend to endure in their efforts of ensuring that they quit smoking in a successful manner.
The scholars explain that while most of the smoking cessation interventions have reported the
frequencies of quit attempts undertaken by most of the individuals who cease smoking in a
successful way, the estimates have only put a lot of consideration on the lifetime recalls adopted
for cross sectional samples among the individuals who undertake this process in a successful
way. As such, the scholars use this study as an avenue of fostering improvements on the average
quit attempts before quitting successfully. By extracting data from 1277 participants in the
Ontario Tobacco Survey, the researchers estimated the average number of quit attempts at 6.1 to
142. As such, the study results revealed that the previously documented estimations of quit
attempts tended to underestimate the average frequencies of attempts considering the fact that
they heavily relied on lifetime recalls. The study is limited by the fact that the findings obtained
only reflect population averages. As such, these results might not be adopted ion scenarios that
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require individually predictive outcomes. However, the fact that the study applied the life table
methodology in an ample way reveals its strength as it minimized the effects of censoring. The
results obtained in this study will aid the proposed research in the processes of proposing the
most effective policy and intervention changes that will inform stakeholders on the ways of
initiating smoke-quitting interventions.
Article 7: Alexandrov, L. B., Ju, Y. S., Haase, K., Van Loo, P., Martincorena, I., NikZainal, S., ... & Campbell, P. J. (2016). Mutational signatures associated with tobacco
smoking in human cancer. Science, 354(6312), 618-622.
The study plays a significant role in the process of demystifying the mutational signatures
that are related to the issues of tobacco smoking in human cancer. The scholars base their
propositions on the fact that tobacco smoking is known to increase the risks of exposure to over
17 classes of cancer and are responsible for over 6 million deaths on a yearly basis. To meet the
study objectives, the researchers undertake an analysis of the somatic DNA methylation
mutations depicted by over 5,200 types of cancers in which the act of smoking tobacco is
considered as an essential risk elevator. The fact that smoking is closely tied to certain essential
mutation burdens of multiple distinctive mutational conditions reveals its contributions to the
emergence of a wide range of cancers. The researchers explain that one of the essential
signatures that is majorly established in cancer stricken tissues that are directly exposed to
tobacco smoke can be attributed to the effects of the mis-replication of damaged DNA that
results from tobacco-based carcinogenic elements. The fact that the results of the study are
consistent with the outcomes obtained in other scholarly works on this topic greatly reveal its
strength. However, the study is limited by its inability to exclude the effects of the covariate
behaviors depicted by the smokers in the biological explanation of the emergence of
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carcinogenic cells. The study will be adopted in the proposed research to reveal the extents to
which cigarette smoking exposes its users to the risks of acquiring an array of cancers.
Article 8: Glantz, S. A., & Bareham, D. W. (2018). E-cigarettes: use, effects on smoking,
risks, and policy implications. Annual review of public health, 39, 215-235.
The article seeks to undertake a review of e-cigarettes by looking at its rates of usage, the
associated effects, and the extents to which they increase the risks of smoking’s similarly, the
researchers use the literature findings put forth to propose a range of policy implications. The
scholars base their study on the nature of cigarettes as one of the most effective ways of availing
addictive drug nicotine to the global populace without effective cognizance. In their view, the
researchers explain that the combustion process of e-cigarettes, just like the conventional
cigarettes takes place in the form of creating inhaled aerosols that are detrimental to the
consumer’s health status based on their abilities to generate toxins, oxidizing agents and
carcinogens. The scholars explain that e-cigarettes tend to generate aerosols in the process of
heating a liquid that comprises of chemicals such as propylene glycol, flavoring agents and
nicotine. The results of the study reveal that even though e-cigarettes tend to avail minimal
amounts of carcinogens compared to the conventional cigarettes, they still play a role in the
processes of exposing users to increased amounts of harmful chemicals that impose a substantial
increase in the risks of exposure to cardiovascular ailments. The scholars warn that e-cigarettes
have not only played a role in encouraging the youths to divert from the use of conventional
cigarettes but have also expanded their levels of exposure to nicotine. The ability of the study to
adopt a multi-stakeholder point of view in the processes of availing the desired literature reveals
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its strength. However, the limitations of the study emanates from its confinement to the United
States as the country of study. Such a premise limits the generalizability effects of the results
obtained. The study will be applied in the proposed research to show the extents to which the
poorly informed practices that encourage the use of e-cigarettes have only led to an increase in
the number of youths exposed to nicotine and its associated health hazards.
Article 9: Pechmann, C., Delucchi, K., Lakon, C. M., & Prochaska, J. J. (2017).
Randomised controlled trial evaluation of Tweet2Quit: a social network quit-smoking
intervention. Tobacco control, 26(2), 188-194.
The research paper initiates a randomized control trial with the aim of assessing the
effectiveness of the Tweet2Quit social media ...
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